Bilbo Baggins in “The Hobbit” Essay Example for Free

Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit EssayFirstly, it is necessary to outline that Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist and title character of The Hobbit. He is the most important figure in the smart, because his emotions, feelings and actions shape the piece of the story. Bilbos appearance is rather original and even funny as he is only half the size of a man. In the beginning of the novel Bilbo appears to be comfortable and complacent like most hobbits. For example, he likes drink, food and security as well as he has his snug little muddle at Bag End, Underhill. However, starting from the chapter 5, when Gandalf enlists Bilbos help in Thorins quest for the treasure under the mountain, Bilbo gradually changes, develops and transforms from a cautious homebody to a confident and brave hero. With novel progression, Baggins displays inner cunning, strength and, certainly, he becomes the dominant force which holds the group of hapless dwarves together. Bilbo gains their respect, because he sa ves them from the goblins by shouting for Gandalf and thus he helps them to defeat the spider and wood elves in Mirkwood.He is respected for finding the way into the mountain and leading dwarfs to the desired treasure. Furthermore, Bilbo discovers the weak spot of Smaug and tries to get over Thorins greed. Simply saying, Bilbo wants to bring peace to the feuding dwarves, elves, and humans. Chapter 8 is the turning point in heros development, because Bilbo kills the spider and feels like a different mortal. Further, despite dwarfs stubbornness and inability to make proper decisions, Bilbo develops his newfound qualities of initiative, courage, and heroism.It is necessary to underline that when other participants of the journey become corrupted with greediness, Baggins tries to maintain common smack and courage. Throughout the novel, Bilbo discovers new capabilities unknown to him earlier. Moreover, he doesnt become arrogant and follows his principles and values. Bilbo learns how to thrive and how to draw strength from the simple source trying to stay true up to himself all along. References Tolkien, J. , Gardner, P. (ed. ) Phllips, B. (ed. ). (2002). The Hobbit. New York, NY Spark Pub.

Reconciliation Of Personal, Cultural, Organizational And Ethical Values Essay Example for Free

Reconciliation Of Personal, Cultural, Organizational And honest Values EssayThe orders and ethics people carry in their personal and professional life are authorized determinants of their issue and development. The eventual achievement of a person is realized by means of self understanding and actualization and not through relentless manipulation of material resources. Successful reconciliation of personal, geological formational, and cultural values and ethics require a number of strategies, some of which are discussed below talkCommunication is requires towards establishment of rapport with each diverse group. People within a large organization differ not only from their cultural, religious, and social orientations, simply also from their professional orientation and interests. These differences roomyn when many different functional units of an organization, with their philosophies and approach towards ply, are required to undergo technology amalgamation (Harris, 1993).These differences often slip by to conflicts in the personal and cultural value system, which lead to conflict at workplace, distress in personal and professional life and issues in integration with the organizational setup (ibid). Communication is the key to resolve this deadlock, without causing any antagonistic and negative feelings. People should be aware that organizations are dependent on sure-fire coordination among number of teams and people. Hence they should try to initiate measures that would avoid projecting any conflict or confrontation in interests within the organization.They should be sensitive to each others ethnic, social, religious and individual backgrounds and understand their views as sum of their personal growth Sometimes people resent opinions of others, involve their ego and full stop to cooperate, coordinate or understand the need to assimilate their juniors and seniors to achieve organizational goals (Swanson, 2005). A successful communication st rategy shall effectively address these problems at their start point and attend that they do not emerge as any significant stumbling block in ideological merging of various cultural groups (Rahim, 2001).Ensuring interconnection Understanding the collective responsibility and appreciation of team work and group interaction is necessary in embedding the value culture that boosters in the reconciliation approach. This would help people to come out of their individual shells and get integrated with their colleagues (Harris, 1993 Rahim, 2001). Understanding inherent organizational contradictions It is important to teach people nearly recognizing and respecting that contradiction occurs in other people, their experience and circumstances, their view points, their ideological background and their value establish system.Understanding the role of crises A timely recognition that crises and conflicts are inbuilt of chemical element of life and progress is achieved by incorporating them i n the philosophy towards life should be able to show people that above all the things, they require harmony, and cooperation for things to successfully work (Rahim, 2001) Kinship with others The communication expert should specifically stress on building associations and help in realizing that every one is important and deserves equal respect from others. It is the original requirement of building strong and lasting bonds within any organization.When people are organized in teams, they share similar goals and they work towards joint growth and development (Harris, 1993 Rahim, 2001). Respecting the opposition. It teaches about taking opposition as constructive contradiction, instead of viewing it in negative perspective. A constructive opposition invariably helps in finding out mistakes in ones own approach, rectify them and move ahead successfully. Negotiation An important aspect of communication management is negotiation which has become important within organizational and social setups. As. Negotiation, requires interested parties to trade proposals for settlement.Generally the process of negotiation proceeds through motives that are competitive, integrative, cooperative and composite plant (Levy, 1999) . The approach of communication in the entire process of negotiation is concerned with the messages that are transferred among negotiators and the concerned parties. Reconciliation of Ethics Business and ethics are always considered opposite to each other. The general conception of business is that it is a commercial activity with aims to earn maximum income and maximize profit where levels of deceit, subterfuge, and conceit are more higher than socially seen or found (Swanson, 2005).However, this concept of business is archaic and medieval. Today, most of the businesses have developed their own philosophies, which although not exactly philanthropic, but contains a broad social and charitable vision, and attempts to see business activities as integral pa rt of comprehensive human functions. Modern business is as much based on cardinal principle of profit maximization as on the neo-thoughts of values, morals and ethics. The foundation of business world is on ethics of honesty and payload where contacts are honored, promises are maintained, and rights of property are observed.Observing ethical values and practices indeed brings positive results as ethical companies face less problems, less litigation and less regulations (Guy, 1990). Corporate Values and corporate culture Ethics are not stand-alone concepts or abstract morals that are hung on argue for ocular delights. They are values and best practices that should be embedded in the working culture that corporations, in their attempts to promote business ethics and best practices, should ensure that their employees are well aware of the values and principles that the corporation aims to pursue.The concept of organizational culture has emerged as most enduring and successful busine ss concept in the ethical dimensions (Bjerke,1999). Business managers, academicians, and corporate leaders all agree that organizational culture as a part of business strategy is crucialfor a staunch to maintain and sustain the high standards of operation, decision making and future planning while ensuring expansion, innovation, and entrepreneurship (Oden, 1997).The role of organizational culture, in promoting ethical port and establishing organization wide accepted norms and working principles is paramount and it is recognized in the corporate quarters, that evolving a healthy organizational culture is probably the best method to bring into being ethical, value based, principled and visionary business practices (Swanson, 2005). Modifying Organizational behavior An organization is a product of the values and ethics its employees carry in and employ to attain the organizations goal.The eventual success of an organization is realized not through manipulation of material resources, but on the ability of the organization to understand the human factor involved with it. This led to the concept of the organizational behavior (OB) that studies the human behavior in the organizations to help employees develop a better work relate understanding of their surrounding, their co-workers and eventually about themselves. Today organizational behavior is seen as an powerful tool that is necessary for ones career development and success in a complex and dynamic organizational process.The essence of organizational behavior is people. It attempts to understand their aspirations, hopes, personal and professional ambitions, desire for accomplishments, all set in the dynamic context of globalization, modernity, diversity, pressure of managing home and work, electronic and communication revolutions and continuously changing aspects of business and industry that raise new and unpredictable challenges and responsibilities to the management and therefore to the workers (Harris, 199 3). Organizational Culture.While the employees individual values and ethics define their personal approach to work and workplace, there are some shared values and modalities of behavior that each of them reflects when working together. This shared notion of values and ethics that endemic to an organization is called as the Organizations culture. Basically organizational culture is outlined as system of shared values, beliefs, actions and best practices that evolve within an organization and determine the behavior of each of its member.While organizational behavior may abide aforesaid(prenominal) across multiple organizations, organizations culture is typically particular to the organization and no two organizations may share the exactly same organizational culture Managing Diversity An organization that doesnt understands or values diversity, doesnt understand its employees. Diversity is an inherent part of human society. It becomes more important when globalization has made organ izational employees lineup multi-cultural, with people from different religious beliefs, ethnic backgrounds and culture working together towards same goals and missions.Therefore it is vital that the organization values their diversity while integrating them as part of its own culture. Conclusion There is little disagreement on the challenges and difficulties in bringing about a complete reconciliation of all the elements discussed in this essay and some difference is bound to exist. However, the increasingly multi-cultured and multi-valued landscape of the world has its own deal strategies and requirements. Globalization has narrowed down the divides that formerly allowed separated existence.Todays world is culturally congested and value crowded, where every person must create a harmony to maintain a secular balance and growth. References Bjerke, B. 1999. Business Leadership and Culture National Management Styles in the Global Economy. Publisher Edward Elgar. Cheltenham, England. Guy, M. E. 1990. Ethical Decision Making in Everyday Work Situations. Publisher Quorum Books. Place of Publication Westport, CT. Harris, T. A. 1993. Applied Organizational Communication Perspectives, Principles, and Pragmatics.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, NJ. Levy, G. M. 1999. Resolving real estate disputes. documentary Estate Issues Chicago Oden, H. W. 1997. Managing Corporate Culture, Innovation and Intrapreneurship. Quorum Books. Westport, CT. Rahim, M. A (2001), Managing Conflict in Organizations. Contributors M. Afzalur Quorum Books. Westport, CT Swanson, D. L. 2005. Business Ethics Education at Bay Addressing a Crisis of Legitimacy. journal Title Issues in Accounting Education. Volume 20. Issue 3. Page Number 247+.

Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSN) Management

nonuniform Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSN) ManagementA Key Management Establishment purpose in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSN)Premamayudu B, Venkata rao K, and Suresh Varma PAbstr snatch Key focus is the one of the fundamental requirement for securing the hierarchical radio sensing element networks (HWSN) and as well as prevents adversarial activities. This paper lays a new pairwise advert management intent using intercellular substance for HWSNs. In HWSN, foregather headers ar more powerful than cluster members in all the resources alike(p) power, storage, communication and processing information. This heterogeneity alleviates the overhead of cluster members during the mainstay establishment. All the expensive tallys female genital organ be given to cluster headers in the network. Compared with other general pick out management schemes, our scheme has many advantages in consuming the resources. The experiment and analysis show that our scheme fuckin g maintain the full network connectivity, thriving configuration management, neighbor cluster members directly establish pairwise depicts during the communication and reduce storage overhead.Keywords Pairwise key, Symmetric ground substance, Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks, Key establishment.1. IntroductionA wireless detector networks build with a large number of sensors, which are equipped with batteries, sensing, communication unit, data processing and radio communication unit. At present any real time applications implementing on wireless sensor networks, like home automation, environment monitoring, military or surety areas, targeting and target tracking systems, market-gardening monitoring system and battlefield surveillance. However all the applications need protection in all the level of the sensor network. The wireless connectivity, the interaction among the sensor inspissations, data gathering and query processing and physical protection. If the sensors are equ ipped with built-in tamper-resistance mechanisms, the memory chips are still suffering from various memory read-out vulnerabilities 1.Key management is the mechanism to provide the security in all the levels of the wireless sensor networks. Since sensor lymph nodes in WSNs have constrains in their computational power and memory capability and security. The resolutenesss of traditional networks like computing machine networks, ad hoc networks, and wired networks are not suitable for WSNs. The goal of key management in WSNs is to solve the problem of creating, distributing and defend those abstruse keys. Hence, the feasible and reliable techniques for key management and distribution of these keys are of major importance for the security in WSNs.The trusted server scheme 9 is not suitable for sensor networks because there is no trusted infrastructure in sensor networks. The self-enforcing scheme 10 is also not suitable due to the limited computation and energy resources of sensor nodes often groom it undesirable to use public key algorithms, such(prenominal) as Diffie-Hellman key organisation. The third type of key agreement scheme is key pre-distribution. at that place exist a number of key predistribution schemes which do not depend on a priori deployment knowledge. A naive solution is to let all the nodes carry a master secret key. This scheme does not exhibit desirable network resilience if one node is compromised, the security of the entire sensor network will be compromised. Another key pre-distribution scheme is to let each sensor carry N 1 secret pairwise keys 3, each of which is known only to this sensor and one of the other N 1 sensors (assuming N is the total number of sensors). The resilience of this scheme is perfect. But this scheme is impractical for sensors with an extremely limited amount of memory because N could be large. Moreover, adding new nodes to a pre-existing sensor network is difficult because the existing nodes do not have the new nodes keys. Eschenauer and Gligor 7, proposed a random key pre-distribution scheme each sensor node receives a random subset of keys from a large key space pool, to agree on a key for communication, two nodes find one common ( overlap) key within their subsets and use that key as their shared secret key. The problem with this scheme is that when we pick a large key pool, the connectivity of the sensor networks becomes low. In this paper, we will pick pairwise key pre-distribution scheme as the radical scheme and develop this scheme on the deployment model and show that knowledge regarding the sensor deployment can help us improve the performance of a pairwise key predistribution scheme.2. Related WorkThe fundamental work is introduced by Blom, who proposed a KPS allowing any pair of nodes to establish pairwise key directly 12. The set of keys generated from A.G in Bloms Scheme as a key-space, Du et al.13 improved Bloms scheme using Vandermonde hyaloplasm G, and employing m ultiple key-space KPS.Nodes may be deployed following a pre-defined method in sure situations. In nodes deployment using pairplane 14, for example, sensors nodes are partitioned into a sequence of groups and dropped out of the pairplane sequentially as the airplane flies forward. It is easy to see that sensor groups that are dropped adjacent to each other have a better chance to be close to each other after deployment. By exploiting deployment knowledge in such situations, Du et al. 14 extended Eschenauer-Gligors scheme and proposed a key management scheme. Du et al. further extended the scheme in 13 and proposed a new KPS using deployment knowledge 15. opposite relevant works include Eschenauer and Gligors random KPS 10, Chan et al.s q-composite random KPS 11, etc.3. Our Key Establishment Scheme in HWSNs3.1. Network ModelThere are three types of nodes in our key establishment scheme, namely Base Station (BS), Cluster Header (H-Sensor) and Cluster Member (L-Sensor). Base Station operated solely in secured environment. In the case of H-Sensor and L-Sensor are not operated in the secure area. If the sensor nodes are captured by adversaries, whole material can be accessible. We bear the maximum energy cluster head (MECH) protocol for our network architecture 1. As shown in Figure 1, in the MECH architecture, the sensors automatically organized into some clusters and act as two types of nodes in the network cluster heads and cluster member nodes. In each cluster, one node as a H (H-Sensor) manages the its associated cluster and forward the information from member nodes to the base station (BS). MECH constructs clusters according to the radio signal range and the number of cluster nodes. The nodes distribution is more evenly in all the clusters in the network. This distribution does not exceed a certain threshold.BS Base StationH Cluster HeadL Cluster MemberFigure 1 Architecture of heterogeneous Sensor Networks3.2. Assumptions(i) All nodes are static(ii) Each sensor has unique ID assigned by Base Station(iii) If a sensor is compromised, whole material in the node is accessible(iv)The Base Station can communicate with Cluster Heads3.3. prefatorial SchemeOur scheme is completely variant form the Bloms Scheme 12. This scheme is completely modified in the way of usage and generating matrices.3.3.1. System setupThere are N sensor nodes to be deployed in the network including Cluster Heads and Base Station, and be the security parameter.Base Station selects N apparent key seeds s1,s2,..,sN from the Finite plain stitch GFq, where q is the prime number. E rattling seed si mapped with a identifier idi.Base Station generates a secret (+1)N matrix GG is a secret matrix in our scheme. It is compressed with selected seed from the Finite Field GFq.3.3.2. Key pre-distribution(i) Base Station generates the secret symmetric matrix (+1)(+1) form GFq, and Computes the public matrix A=(D.G)T.(ii) Base Station pre loads each key seed si and its identif ier idi to the ith sensor node including Cluster Heads and also stores ith row from the matrix A.3.3.3. Pairwise Key EstablishmentAfter deployment, each sensor node broadcast its key seed identifier idi to its neighbors. Any two neighbor nodes can establish pairwise keys directly. Let the ith node and the jth node want to establish a pairwise key to secure the communication channel.Calculation at ith nodeThe ith column of matrix G using its key seed si (si,si2,.,si+1)And (aj1,aj2,..,aj(+1)) be the jth row of the matrix A, which plastered before deployment by BS.The ith node proposes the pairwise key with jth node denoted as kji.kij=(aj1,aj2,..,aj(+1)). (si,si2,.,si+1)kij=Calculation at jth nodeThe jth sensor node calculate the jth column of matrix G using its key seed sj(sj,sj2,sj3,..,sj+1)And (ai1,ai2,..,ai(+1)) be the ith row of matrix A, loaded by the BS.The jth node calculate the pairwise key kij askij= It remains to show that kij=kij, because the matrix k=A.G is a symmetric m atrix. i.e kij calculated by the cluster member i is same as kij calculated by cluster member j.The same process is applied for cluster heads to establish pairwise key amongst them to establish secure communication.4. Implementation4.1. Setup PhaseLet the number of nodes in the network be 6(N=6), Secure Property =3, prime number q=29 and 6 distinct key seeds 5, 8, 15, 4, 2, 174.2. Key pre-distributionSecret Symmetric matrix (D), Secretly stored in the Base Station (BS).A=(D.G)T mod 29A=Once Matrix A is calculated, Base Station pre loads key seed and a row from the matrix A into sensor node based on its identifier. The rows of matrix A represent the private keys of each node.4.3. Key GenerationSuppose consider two nodes, node 1 and node 5 wish to communicate with each other. Then node 1 and 4 need to calculate the shared secret key(pairwise key). In order to calculate the pairwise key, node 1 will multiply the assigned row A(1) which is from A and column G(4) which is calculated fro m the seed key esteem of node 4. The seed key values is broadcasted each other during shared key generation. Similarly node 4 multiplies its row A(4) with the seed key value of node 1.K1,4=2596 mod 29 =15K4,1=156905 mod 29=15It is observed that both nodes generate a common key and further communication betwixt them will make use of the pairwise key. The matrix K represents as shown below has the symmetric nature, because of the matrix D. Hence any pair of nodes can have the common key such that Ki,j=Kj,i.K=(A.G) mod 295. Analysis5.1. Local ConnectivityLocal connectivity addresses the size of key space between any neighbors. In our scheme, any pair of nodes can directly establish the shared key, under assumptions noted in the proposed scheme. Our scheme local connectivity is 1.5.2. Resilience against node capture attacksOur scheme is providing -security property to the network. If more than nodes are compromised then only it is possible to calculate the keys of others, which means that to find the k symmetric matrix. Even -1 nodes compromised, it not possible to predicate the other node key seed values. Our scheme achieves a high level of resilience against node capture attacks.5.3. Computation complexnessOur scheme needs 2+1 generation operations in the field of GFq multiplications to calculate a column of G matrix with given key seed and +1 multiplication to calculate the internal product of corresponding row-column pairs. Pairwise key establishment between neighbor nodes requires 2+1 multiplication operations. If the value is large to protect the network, it increases the computational complexity. We have do analysis between our scheme and Bloms scheme on the computations complexity. From Fig. 2 we can see computations effort for 6 nodes under different Finite Field (FGq) ranging from 0-50, 0-100, 0-150, 0-200, 0-250, 0-300, 0-350. The analysis carried out with the network size of 6 nodes and security property () 3.Figure 2. Computational Complexity for a Network with 6 nodes5.4. Communication ComplexityIn pairwise key establishment phase, sensor nodes need to broadcast a key seed identifier idi. All the materials required to generate pairwise key are loaded in the sensor node before deployment. But other key establishment schemes should perform other phases to generate a shared key between neighbors like path key establishment, rekeying, and broadcasting row values from the public matrix A. It leads to more communication overhead. But in case of our scheme has very low communication overhead. Compare to space complexity, our scheme consuming little more space than other schemes 5,6. The space complexity depends on the value of , if the value is reasonably small, then space complexity is very similar to the other schemes.6. Conclusion This paper presents the new pairwise key establishment scheme for heterogeneous wireless sensor network using the symmetric propriety of matrices. Our scheme achieves very light communication and computation complexity. The nature of heterogeneity made reasonable results in the analysis. In addition that, our scheme is updatable, scalable and secure against node capture attacks.References1 I. F. Akyildiz,W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, 2002 ,A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102114,.2 R. Blom, 1985, An best sectionalization of symmetric key generation systems, Advances in Cryptology, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, T. Beth, N. Cot, and I. Ingemarsson, Eds. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, vol. 209, pp. 335338.3 Wenliang Du et al., 2003, A pairwise key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks, ACM transactions.4 B. Premamayudu, K. Venkata Rao, P. Suresh Verma, 2014, A fresh pairwise Key Establishment and Management in Hierardical Wireless Sensor Networks (HESN) using matrix, CT and Critical Infrastructure Proceedings of the 48th Annual gathering of Computer Society of India- Vol I Advances in Int elligent Systems and Computing, Volume 248, pp. 425-432.5 D. Liu, P. Ning, and R. Li., 2005, Establishing pairwise keys in distributed sensor networks, ACM Trans. Inf Syst. Secur., vol. 8, pp. 41-77.6 A. Perrig, R. Szewczyk, V. Wen, D. Culler, and J.D., 2002, Tygar. Spins Security protocols for sensor networks, Wireless Networks Journal (WINE).7 L. Eschenauer and V. D. Gligor, 2002, A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks, in Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security.8 R. Blom, An Optimal Class Of Symmetric Key Generation Systems. Ericsson Radio Systems, Stockholm, Sweden.9 B. C. Neuman and T. Tso, 1994, Kerberos An authentication service for computer networks, IEEE Communications, vol. 32, no. 9, pp.33-38.10 W. Diffie and M. E. Helllman, 1976, New directions in cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 22, pp. 644-654.11 H. Chan, A. Perrig, and D. X. Song, 2003, Random key predistribution schemes for sensor netwo rks, in IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE Computer Society, pp. 197213.12 R. Blom, 1985, An optimal class of symmetric key generation systems, in Advances in Cryptology, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, T. Beth, N. Cot, and I. Ingemarsson, Eds. Springer Berlin /Heidelberg, vol. 209, pp. 335338.13 W. Du, J. Deng, Y. S. Han, P. K. Varshney, J. Katz, and A. Khalili, 2005, A pairwise key predistribution scheme for wireless sensor networks, ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 228258.14 W. Du, J. Deng, Y. S. Han, S. Chen, and P. K. Varshney, 2004, A key management scheme for wireless sensor networks using deployment knowledge, in INFOCOM, pp. 586597.15 W. Du, J. Deng, Y. S. Han, and P. K. Varshney, , 2006, A key predistribution scheme for sensor networks using deployment knowledge, IEEE Trans. unspoilt Sec. Comput., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6277.

Theories for Optimistic Personality Traits: A Reflection

Theories for Optimistic Personality Traits A ReflectionEunice Khong Ee ThianQuestion 2(a)I am an bullish person. Optimism is an several(prenominal) variable. It embodies the extent to which individuals hold generalized take overancies for their future. Persons with high train of optimism have better subjective well-being when facing adversity. Researches also pointed that optimism has been associated to higher levels of engagement coping and glower level of excludeance. Optimism also linked with health-protective demeanors (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010).I always desire that there argon always good thing waiting for me ahead. I always face thing in the bright side. No doubt that disappointments and sadness forget happen sometimes but I prefer to face ch tout ensembleenges and difficulties affirmatively and believe all the problems can be make ford one day instead charge upd on the problems and others. I always find ways and take actions to solve problems quite an t han avoid facing them. For instance, during exam, I believe myself can do well in the papers instead of failing them. As optimism also highly associated with resilience which is bouncing back power when facing adversity, I found that the intensity of my optimistic behavior is high and this lead me to have high level of resilience because I do not easily bow to difficulties.(b)I have born in a positive family environment. My parents are also truly optimistic. No matter how difficult the situations were, they always showed me and taught me to face adversity positively when I small until now. I am the only child in my family no doubt my parents will put the most care and attention on me. However, they do not too pamper me. They like my friends and let me make my consume decisions. They respect my decisions and also will give me suggestions when Im making decisions as some guidelines for me. The respect that they gave me made me have confident to face all the challenges positively. As an example, they let me to choose the course that I want to reading and which university I want to go to further my study. They do not restrict my immunity but encourage me to pursue my own dreams. Thus, my optimistic behavior has to thank for my parents as they made me have the courage to enrich my life.Besides that, the environment I join is supportive. I like to join with persons who have positive thinking because they make me feel active, fresh and energetic. When in school, I prefer to join friends with positive behaviors. The supports and encouragements that they gave me also is one of the reasons that made me have optimistic behavior. For instance, I have a group of friends who I used to organize events with them in secondary school. I enjoyed the moment when we organized events because no matter how tired we were, we will support each other to across the difficulties together happily but not blame on each other. This also influenced me to be optimistic.(c)Biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors for explaining a behavior. Optimistic behavior can affect a person biologically. batch of researches figured out that optimists have higher survival rate from illness than pessimists. Optimists tend to have better physical health and mental health equalize to pessimists. This may because of optimists have greater persistent goal pursuit and active coping with stressors while confronting adversity (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). According to the study of Schou, Ekeberg, Ruland (2005), optimists have greater fighting spirit when facing illness hence they may have better quality of life compare to pessimists (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). I have skin allergies since I am 9 years old. It is very itchy and irritated when it started. Optimistic behavior braces me up to fight with this disease bravely as I realized that I should not tie by this issue since I have other more significant things are waiting for me to complete rather than always depress on this disease. I feel more relax and less burden when I started to view the disease from the bright side.Besides that, optimistic behavior also helps in coping stress. Individuals with optimistic behavior can cope with stress better and less depresses and has less adverse impact on their physical health (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). For instance, optimistic behavior helps me to survive through many exams. Exams are stressful event. I can cope with the stress during exams with optimistic behavior such as learn to relax instead of nervously prepare for exams.Optimistic behavior also will affect a person psychologically. spate will have different feelings and reactions when encountering problems such as enthusiasm or anxiety. How a person feels is related to the differences level of optimism. Optimists expect good outcomes while pessimists expect bad outcomes (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). This will influence a person attitude and behavior. Optimists will have positive attitude and behavior such as encouraging, helpful, enthusiasm and persistent. However, pessimists will have negative attitude and behavior such as hopelessness, easily give up and fragile. Optimistic behavior has component part me a lots in shaping me to become positive. According to my friends, I am the kind of happy-go-lucky and cheerful person. This behavior has helped me earn a lot of precious friendships.Furthermore, according to the study of Sdberg Ness and Segerstrom (2006), optimists are using various types of coping strategies in confronting adversity such as problem- focused coping and engagement coping to solve problems. However, pessimists are always using avoidance coping and disengagement coping while facing challenges (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists always learn how to solve problems while pessismists always avoid to face problems and prefer to stay in their comfort zone. For ex ample, me and my parents tried a lot of ways to cure my allergies problem rather than doing nothing and keep on depress.From sociocultural perspective, optimistic behavior is associated with the social environment and culture around an individual. Optimists have better social connections and easier be accepted by others than pessismists as hatful like someone who express positive thinkings rather than negative expectations (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists gain more social support from the surrounding. I accepted by my frirends as I always express positive thinkings and feelings to them hence I gain supports from them.Culture will also influence a persons behavior, believe and thought. Individuals who in a culture which full of negative thoughts, anxiey and sadess are easily become pessimists. In the other hand, if a culture always promote positve, enthusiasm and hopeful atmosphere, individuals are more optimistic. For instance, in my family culture, my parents always encourage me to view thing from the positive side. Therefore, I learn to be optimistic after be learn by my parents.In conclusion, my optimistic behavior is not caused by only one factor. Parents, peers and the people surroundings play an important role in helping me to build optimistic behavior. Hence, people should work together and take in every aspect such as biological, psychological and sociocultural factors as precondition in building children positive characteristics.ReferencesCarver, C., Scheier, M., Segerstrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 879-889.

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner

The tally Of The Ancient MarinerSamuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is said to be his attempt to bring supernatural terrors to a realistic setting. Some critics have argued that the honorable truths of the poesy are non only unintelligible hardly as well as irrational. But for other critics, this irrationality is what gives the song its great quality. In analyzing and critiquing Coleridges poem, an in depth analysis of the irrational is needed. This irrationality is not Coleridges failure to explain the supernatural but actually an evidence of its Christian honourable code and that the poems irrationality emerges beca drill of Coleridges inner conflict with his con variate from Unitarianism to the Angli dealism religion. This hermeneutic mustiness be in mind when attempting to interpret Coleridges poem.Before we can look at modern critics such as Christopher Stokes, J Robert Barth, John T Netland, and even Jerome J. McGann, we must first look at how fo regoing critics have looked at Coleridges grow through a Christian eyes. The article Coleridge And The Luminous Gloom An Analysis Of The Symbolical Language In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner by Elliott B. Gose, Jr. examines the poem through a Christian perspective only because Gose believes the poem is filled with Christian trappings (239). Gose shows how symbols carry a Christian ideology and spends considerable clipping on examining how the sun (whether glorious or red) represents God while the other forces in the poem represent the forces of nature. In the end, Gose claims that nature is subordinate to God and that the Mariners sail does not deal with a physical voyage but it represents a Romantic urge to research the eternal soul and the temporal emotions (244). But end-to-end the article, Gose fails to fully explain the other stranger elements in Coleridges poem. For instance, he brings up life-in-death, who wins the Mariner in a gamble, but then dismisses her by stating how she is obviously impertinent the Christian hierarchy and is connected with a whole strand of non-Christian figures, incidents, and images in the poem (242). He interprets this from the obscure explanation given from the vividness and continues with the rest of the poem remedy in Christian ideological framework. More modern critics will point out how though much of the poem seems to use Christian statuss, the more stranger elements and the ambiguous details create distance between familiar and unfamiliar which gave trouble to many earlier Christian critical readings of Coleridges text.Goses confusion with the rubric and its obscure Christian emphasis can be explained in Reading And Resistance The hermeneutic Subtext Of The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner by John T Netland. He suggests that the poem displays an incongruous mixture of pagan and Christian symbols (38) and examines the use of the gloss as a hermeneutic. Although the gloss-writing editor is responding to the certai n poem and seeks to interpret it for a modern audience, the editor marginalizes the Mariners experiences and emphasizes the Christian overt unmatchables of the poem. Netland states the gloss and the poem itself create a unique tension between contrasting religious imaginations (41). One is a field of categorized and rational set of religious experiences (inferred from gloss) while the other a spiritual, mystical, irrational religious sublimity (from the poem). Netland states that Coleridge may have gotten his idea from Bibles at that time with their gloss notes that gave a clearlyer interpretation of the biblical text. This is very similar to Jerome J. McGanns examinations in his brilliant article, The Meaning Of The Ancient Mariner, where McGann briefly details the poems hi layer from its initial criticism to Coleridges embrace of Christian ideology to his Higher Critical analytics of the re-interpretative process of the Bible to Coleridges attempt in mimicking this layered herm eneutic upon his let work. McGann points to the fact that Coleridges poem was originally a literary lay among all the other lyrical ballads found Wordsworths printed work, Lyrical Ballads. With the second edition, and with Wordworths concerns, Coleridge do alterations to make the poem less a literary ballad and more a lyrical ballad. Coleridge may have realized what he was doing was similar to what occurred in Biblical narratives. Coleridge had argued in length on issues of Higher chiding that Scriptures were not an unmediated and fixed biblical text but an evolved and continuously evolving set of records which include the Churchs later glosses on and interpretations of the earlier documents (47). McGann remarkably suggests that Coleridges revised version of his poem shows cardinal clear layers of phylogenesis (a) an original mariners tale (b) the ballad narrative of that story (c) the editorial gloss added when the ballad was, we are to suppose, first printed and (d) Coleridge s own point of view on his invented materials (50). The last shows Coleridges own theory of religious and symbolic interpretation. McGann believes that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is Coleridges imitation of a culturally redacted literary work (51).But coming back to Netlands article, the gloss, he believes, becomes an inadequate hermeneutic for analyzing the poem. Netland suggests that the gloss is inadequate as a hermeneutic loathsomenessce the editor reduces the Mariners spiritual journey, actions, and sufferings into a straight-forward neat plot to emphasize Christian redemption. Netland states that the Marinerhas experienced something of the religious sublime (whether real or delusive), and his compulsive retellings of his story point to the inexplicable sagacity of his experience (51). The writer of the gloss fails to lowstand this and the gloss represses the Mariners heightened religious experience. Netland suggests that we instead respond like the stunned Wedding Guest which is far more reconciled to Coleridgean hermeneutics when analyzing the journey of the Mariner.But can the gloss be ignored? McGann disagrees and states that the changes (as well as the addition of the gloss) from 1798 to 1817 show an important story in Coleridges amplifyment of the purposes of his poem. Many believed that these changes were a reactionary movement in which a daring and radical poem is transformed into a relatively tame work of Christian symbolism (42) when Coleridge retreated from his radical views to his later Christian ideology. McGann, in his article, dives deeply into Coleridges understanding of the Higher Critical analysis of the Christian Bible to show Coleridges Hermeneutic Model of his poem originating from his ideas of the process of the Bibles creation. Coleridge saw how Gods Word was expressed and later reexpressed through commentary, gloss, and interpretation by particular people at different multiplication according to their differing lights (43) . Coleridges poem is presented as just this type of reinterpreted text retaining its own ideological coherence even through the fragmentation from reinterpretation. McGann states that the poem shows Coleridges process of textual evolution and the symbolic meaning of that process is a Christian redemptive one.We can see how the very nature of religion affected Coleridge in his earlier 1798 version and his later 1817 version (with gloss) and can conclude that the poet himself and his faith must be examined. J. Robert Barths book, Romanticism and Transcendence Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Religious Imagination, delves deeply into Coleridges theories, fight downs, and faith. Although, he spends the first four chapter exploring Wordsworths works and how it practices Coleridges theories of imagination, he examines closely the nature of religion in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in chapter 6. Although Coleridge had theological speculations, he was a practical Christian (89). Coleridge believed in living out the practical aspects of his faith. Barth does not give a complete examination of Coleridges poem, but hones in to what he believes gives strength and beauty to Coleridges poetry. The judgment of polarity (a balance or reconciliation of opposites (6)) is central to Coleridges theories of imagination. Opposite objects, qualities, or tensions exist within the same field of force (6). Barth also looks at prayer as a means of bringing these two forces into harmony (natural and supernatural). Coleridge is concerned with prayer but at a deeper level as a means of wedlock the creature with the Creator (90). Coleridges guilt and need for redemption is bound to his longing for forgiveness and friendship with God. Coleridge calls prayer the the effort to connect the misery of Self with the gladness of God (90). It is a means of connecting the natural to the supernatural, the temporal to the eternal, and the immanent to the transcendent. Barth states that even though Coleridge does move from his Unitarian ideology to his Christian ideology, a shift that can be seen in the poem and its change, this idea of prayer is still deep within Coleridges soul. Although, Barth explores prayer within the poem during Coleridges conversion, this shift of faith can be explored further as means for a proper hermeneutic in interpreting Coleridges poem.Christopher Stokes article My Soul In Agony Irrationality And Christianity In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner explores the struggle between the physical and the spiritual world in Coleridges poem. His poem contains strange elements that seem unintelligible and irrational. Stokes states that these elements stem from Coleridges Unitarian moral theory that he subscribed to at the time. Because these strange elements are unintelligible, there is an ambiguity between the supernatural events and orthodox religion. Though much of the poem seems to use Christian terms, there is still details that are ambiguous and this crea tes distance between familiar and unfamiliar. Stokes states that these ambiguous moments create a divided tone and he claims this is from Coleridges difficult transition from Unitarianism to Anglican Christianity. Coleridge struggled with Christianitys concept of original sin and a closer examination must be conducted to understand why he possibly struggled with it.The concept and doctrine of Original Sin was developed by the early Roman church and was based on Pauls teachings found in the Book of Romans. In the Old Testament (specifically from Genesis), Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden and the result was that they were cursed and banished out of the Garden. Because of the actions of Adam and Eve, sin (a propensity to disobey God) originated in the Garden and continued to all future generations. Paul teaches a reinterpretation of this Genesis story. In Romans 5.12, Paul states that just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death c ame to all people, because all sinned. At the time of Pauls teaching, audiences of the early Gospels will be familiar with the story of Jesus (especially since Mark and Matthew may have been circulating front to Romans being written). The audiences would understand that Jesus died as a sacrificial lamb for the sins (actual individualized act sins a personal disobedience) of all man. But Paul goes to reinterpret Christs death to add that Jesus died to not only remove our personal sins but also to remove the hold of original sin on humanity which results in death. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous (Romans 5.19). This meant that all humanity was guilty for their personal sins and guilty for the sin of Adam and Eve that was passed to generations.Later under the Roman church, Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that all of humanity was in a state of sin that came from Adam. Man is born with sin and a weakened free-will that gravitates toward sin. Adam and Eves sin and guilt is carried onto each generation (Kelley, 34-38). This was the concept of Original Sin. This is a belief that is still held today by Catholics and Protestants (although, it may vary based on demonization).But Unitarians do not believe in the concept of Original Sin. They do not believe that the sin of Adam and Eve corrupted all of humanity and that we still carry their guilt. They state it would contradict the love and justice of God to charge to us the sin of others, because sin is ones own personal action (Jozsef, 107). This was a key to why Coleridge struggled in his conversion to Christianity and is evident in his poem. Stokes, in his article, explains the struggle readers have with the strange and irrational elements in the poem are reflective and evidence of Coleridges struggle in his departure from Unitarian ideology to Anglican ideology. An utilisation can be seen wi th the killing of the Albatross which many critics agree is a strange element to the poem. The Mariner simply kills the bird with no thought prior and the only shock is from the Wedding Guest. The crew at first thought it wrong, but then agreed that the bird was bad luck. Without the gloss notes (and in the original 1798 version), it seems that even nature is unmoved by something that seemed like a crime and the reader isnt given any reason that the killing set any clear event in motion (a determinative effects of motives based on Unitarian moral theory (5)). The albatross death is a powerful but initially unintelligible event but has no obvious moral or religious significance (6). Coleridge, after his conversion and firming in Christian ideology, comes to term with original sin and revises his work (through additions, subtractions, and including a gloss for the poem) giving it a more Anglican tone. The gloss becomes an Anglican hermeneutic bringing the poem under a Christian ideolo gy and moral order. The poem under the gloss gives it a Christian salvational trajectory (20). It is only through the gloss (and Coleridges later revision in 1817) that we learn that the ancient Mariner inhospitably killeth the pious bird of good omen. Stokes understands the common critical belief that the Mariner conspicuously relies on Christian rituals and beliefs . . . the Christian doctrine fails to explain his world of excessive suffering and irrational events (11). But he states that before we dismiss these strange elements as irrational, we must explore Coleridges religious thinking at the time of writing the poem and both its revisions. It is only through the examination of his personal faith and conversion that we can develop a proper hermeneutic to interpret Coleridges poem.It would be erroneous to assume irrationality as a failure of the poems Christian moral code. One must look at Coleridges conversion as well as his struggle with the Christian doctrine of original sin that creates the irrational or at to the lowest degree creates ambiguous language. It is only through this hermeneutic that we can fully understand and appreciate Coleridges poem where he attempts to understand and present to us the concepts that are beyond understanding.

John Henry Newman’s Changing Attitude to Infallibility Essay -- Religio

Examine John Henry Newmans changing attitude to Infallibility, between the end of Vatican 1 in 1870 and Gladstones attack in 1875. In this essay I propose to analyse Newmans attitude to Infallibility during the period outlined above. I leave behind examine his letters in particular to note the range of correspondents and the approaches taken. I will attempt to see a pattern in carnal knowledge to his beliefs expressed to mere enquirers writing to him, to national and professional writers seeking information or debating points and to family and friends in connection with the doctrine of Infallibility. Over this five-year period I will deduce from mainly primary sources, his views expressed on Infallibility and his developed reasoning and then present conclusions.Firstly a short historical background to straightlaced Britain will set the context. Mid-Victorian Britain saw political restore as a main agenda. There was an established order of churches, characterised by denomination but more telling, by social class, and a defined place in society. The plight of the poor and the devastating effects of industrialisation were not uppermost in the churchs role. These views were being challenged with an increasing secularisation of society, by movements set up to reform and give more people a voice in government, and oppugn the relevance of the church. The church played a role in e.g. the Christian Socialist Movement, set up as much to control and limit reform as it was to assist the poor. This was a time of expansion by the Catholic Church, since the re-establishment of the hierarch in 1850. Popular liberal attitudes questioned the loyalty of Catholics to the state and since the 1850s newspapers and periodicals characterised this view as ... ...ring 1982), pp. 8688.Rahner, K. A Critique of Hans Kung. Homiletic and Pastoral Review 71, May 1971, pp.10 26.Schatz, K. Papal Supremacy From its Origins to the Present. Collegeville, MN The Liturgical Press, 1996, pp.151-162.Strange, Roderick. John Henry Newman A Mind Alive. London Darton, Longman and Todd, 2008.Sugg, J. ed. A Packet of Letters a selection of correspondence of John Henry Newman. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1983.Tierney, B. Origins of Papal infallibility 1150 1350. (Studies in the History of Christian notion).Leiden EJ Brill, 1972.Ward, W. William George Ward and the Catholic Revival. London Longmans Green andCo.1893, p.274. Accessed 9 March 2014 https//archive.org/details/riwilliamgeorgeward.Wolfe, J. Religion in Victorian Britain Culture and Empire. Manchester The Open University Press, 1997.

My Life Beyond the Pale Essay -- Personal Narrative essay about myself

My Life Beyond the Pale   Beyond the pale was a phrase first used by the English baksheesh of the 1300s to describe the Irish countryside external of Dublins borders, i.e., English control. Even before then, and since, the Irish have continually struggled to define for themselves a cohesive national identity outside of that which was determined for them by colonists, or perhaps nowadays, tourists like myself. Therefore, a cautionary note this brief essay contains no deep, penetrating insights into the Irish psyche, no judgments as to the wisdom of constitutionalized Catholicism, World War II isolationism, or the perpetuation of Yeats-ish, green-rolling, fairy-mounded myths. Irish identity cannot, I believe, be rear at the bottom of any foam-ringed pint, nor may it be found in the all-too-commonly-evoked literary trinity of abusive father, alcoholic mother, and tuberculosis-inclined child. And despite the insistence of economists, both Irish and otherwise, it will not be foun d in the workings of a booming Celtic Tiger economy, with the (albeit historical) shift from a country of emigration to one of immigration.   Ireland has found its current definition on a lower floor the auspicious flag of the Tourist Industry, a change that would likely make Yeats shudder, as his oft-valorized four green fields are first leveled, paved, and finally stipulation new shape as the grounds for a shopping mall. South of the Lif... ... boat ride, and I noticed an Italian couple sitting nearby, both neatly dressed, with lovely leather sandals and gold jewelry. At fast I wondered what they saw in their surroundings. They appeared quite comfortable. I looked around again. There was a certain sweetie in the mix of rust and faded paint, the apparent lack of function, an atmosphere beyond something, if not the Pale itself. The feeling of exile that occurs as a take of traveling abroad is a unique form, self-imposed and wary of cliches. Remember that James Joyce was on ly able to write The Dead after leaving Dublin. though I may not have returned with a brilliant novella of my own, this new sense of wonderment is, I believe, a nearly even trade.